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★
Psychiatrist Is Among Five Chosen for Medical Award
Article Tools Sponsored By
By LAWRENCE K. ALTMAN
Published: September 17, 2006
The psychiatrist who upset Freudian dogma in the 1960’s by
developing cognitive therapy is one of five winners of this
year’s Lasker Awards, widely considered the nation’s most
prestigious medical prizes.
The awards, announced yesterday by the Albert and Mary Lasker
Foundation, are also going to four scientists who made impor-
tant discoveries about aging and cancer. Mary Lasker created
the awards in 1946 as a birthday gift to her husband, Albert,
in hopes of curing cancer in 10 years. Each award carries a
$100,000 prize.
The psychiatrist, Dr. Aaron T. Beck, 85, of the University of
Pennsylvania, won the Lasker clinical research award. Dr. Beck's
technique, cognitive therapy, transformed the treatment of
depression and many other mental health conditions.
Cognitive therapy “is one of the most important advances ? if
not the most important advance ? in the treatment of mental
diseases in the last 50 years,” said Dr. Joseph L. Goldstein,
the chairman of the Lasker jury.
The therapy is a counseling technique in which patients learn
to head off or defuse self-defeating thoughts before acting on
them. Dr. Beck and his students showed that cognitive therapy
can reverse serious mental illnesses in weekly sessions over
two or three months.
In making those advances, Dr. Beck set a new standard for deter-
mining the effectiveness of any type of psychotherapy, the Lasker
jury said, by testing his radical new methods in clinical studies
with a degree of rigor not previously applied to any form of talk
therapy, including Freudian psychoanalysis. Dr. Beck published
much of his work in his own journal, Cognitive Therapy and Research,
in part because other psychiatrists resisted, if not rejected, his
findings.
Dr. Beck understood the reluctance. In a letter in The New York
Times on March 6, 1983, he wrote that he empathized with his
critics. He said that in the late 1950’s his research had “set
out to prove that anger turned against the self played a central
role in depression,” but to his surprise it “ultimately refuted
this hypothesis.”
The four other Lasker winners are Dr. Elizabeth H. Blackburn, 57,
of the University of California, San Francisco; Dr. Joseph Gall,
78, of the Department of Embryology at the Carnegie Institution,
Baltimore; Dr. Carol W. Greider, 45, of Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine; and Dr. Jack W. Szostak, 53, of Harvard Medical
School.
The awards to those four were made in two categories. Three of
the recipients were cited for discoveries involving the structure
and function of chromosomes, which are the strands of genes in
cells that pass on hereditary information. Dr. Blackburn, Dr.
Greider and Dr. Szostak are sharing the Lasker basic medical
research award for predicting the existence of telomerase, and
then discovering it. Telomerase is an enzyme that replenishes
the tips of chromosomes.
Discovery of the enzyme emerged after Dr. Gall and Dr. Blackburn
studied two organisms, a pond-dwelling parasite and baker’s yeast.
The scientists were driven by curiosity, not because they thought
their research was related to human disease, said Dr. Goldstein,
who works at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
in Dallas.
After further research, carried out independently and in collabo-
rations with each other, the scientists identified and purified
telomerase in human cells, setting the stage for discoveries about
the enzyme’s role in cancer and aging.
Strong evidence suggests that the enzyme allows cells to proliferate
by continually refreshing their telomeres. For example, adding the
enzyme to certain human cells grown in culture dishes renders the
cells immortal. Conversely, blocking its action in lab-grown cancer
cells can inhibit their growth or kill them.
The work of the four scientists and that of others showed that each
time a cell divides, its chromosomes become shorter. As cells age,
their telomeres shorten, leading to loss of telomere function and
changes in chromosome that can lead to cancer.
In animal experiments, researchers are testing chemicals that thwart
telomerase as a potential strategy for fighting cancer in humans.
Dr. Gall won a special achievement award for a 57-year career in which
he became a founder of modern cell biology and the field of chromosome
structure and function. He “ranks among the most distinguished cell
biologists in history,” the Lasker Foundation said.
In his youth, Dr. Gall collected amphibians, insects and tiny pond
creatures. That experience provided him with a knack for choosing
the appropriate organism for studying a particular research problem.
Dr. Gall went on to become a “bold experimentalist” who invented
what “quickly became one of the most important and widely used
techniques in cell biology,” the foundation said.
The technique, known as in situ hybridization, allows researchers to
pinpoint the location of a specific sequence of RNA or DNA within the
nucleus of cells. The technique remains the standard way scientists
map genes in cells and chromosomes. Using fluorescent molecules in
modifications of the technique, scientists can produce exquisitely
detailed pictures of genes and their activity.
The Lasker Foundation said it was further honoring Dr. Gall for being
an early champion of women in science by welcoming them “into his lab
before anyone was talking about excellence through diversity.”
The awards represent a lineage of three generations in science. Dr. Gall
trained Dr. Blackburn when they worked at Yale. She, in turn, trained
Dr. Greider when they worked at the University of California, Berkeley.
Dr. Gall still works in the laboratory. A current interest is deciphering
the function of a structure in the cell nucleus that the Spanish scientist
Santiago Ramon y Cajal described in 1903.
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★ 読んでみましょう:
Psychiatrist Is Among Five Chosen for Medical Award
By LAWRENCE K. ALTMAN
Published: September 17, 2006
・The psychiatrist who upset Freudian dogma in the 1960's by
developing cognitive therapy is one of five winners of this
year's Lasker Awards, widely considered the nation's most
prestigious medical prizes.
「1960年、フロイド主義を認知行動療法で批判した精神分析学者が今
年のラスカー賞、アメリカでは最高の栄誉ある医学賞、を受賞した」
・The awards, announced yesterday by the Albert and Mary Lasker
Foundation, are also going to four scientists who made impor-
tant discoveries about aging and cancer.
「ラスカー賞、昨日 Albert and Mary Lasker 基金が発表した賞、は
老化や癌の研究に贈られた」
・Mary Lasker created the awards in 1946 as a birthday gift to
her husband, Albert, in hopes of curing cancer in 10 years.
「メアリー・ラスカーは1946年夫の誕生日祝いとしてラスカー賞を10年
以内の癌撲滅のために創設した」
・Each award carries a $100,000 prize.
「それぞれの賞は10万ドルが贈呈された」
・The psychiatrist, Dr. Aaron T. Beck, 85, of the University of
Pennsylvania, won the Lasker clinical research award.
「精神科医 Dr. Aaron T. Beck(85)、ペンシルバニア大学、がラスカー
臨床的研究に関して受賞した」
・Dr. Beck's technique, cognitive therapy, transformed the treatment
of depression and many other mental health conditions.
「Dr. Beck の手法、認知療法、は鬱病やその他の精神的問題の治療を一変さ
せた」
・Cognitive therapy “is one of the most important advances ? if not
the most important advance ? in the treatment of mental diseases in
the last 50 years,” said Dr. Joseph L. Goldstein, the chairman of
the Lasker jury.
「認治療法は“最大の進歩? この50年に限って言えば精神病の治療において
は最大の進歩と言えないだろうか?”Dr. Goldstein、ラスカー賞の選考委員
は指摘する」
・The therapy is a counseling technique in which patients learn to
head off or defuse self-defeating thoughts before acting on them.
「この療法はカウンセル法の一つ、そのカウンセルのなかで患者が行動する
にあたって恐怖心を克服し、恐れることのないようにする療法である」
・Dr. Beck and his students showed that cognitive therapy can reverse
serious mental illnesses in weekly sessions over two or three months.
「Dr. Beck と彼の学生たちは認知療法は重篤な精神病を2ないし3ヶ月、週
1回のカウンセルで回復させることができることを示した」
・In making those advances, Dr. Beck set a new standard for determining
the effectiveness of any type of psychotherapy, the Lasker jury said,
by testing his radical new methods in clinical studies with a degree
of rigor not previously applied to any form of talk therapy, including
Freudian psychoanalysis.
「このような過程のなかで、Dr. Beck はあらゆるタイプの心理療法の有効性
の判定に新しい基準を、ラスカー賞の委員によると、フロイドの精神分析も含
む「話療法」において厳密でなおかつ過去に試みられたことのないな新しい治
療法の研究によってって考案したのである」
△ Talk Therapy: 「話療法」は薬物療法や行動療法とは違う認識療法の一つ
でしょうが、「話療法」という訳自体正しいかどうかも含めてわたくしに
は分かりません。
・Dr. Beck published much of his work in his own journal, Cognitive
Therapy and Research, in part because other psychiatrists resisted,
if not rejected, his findings.
「Dr. Beck は彼の論文のほとんどを彼自身の発行する雑誌「Cognitive Therapy」
で発表した、というのも他の精神分析家は、否定しはしないものの、不快感を示す
からである」
・Dr. Beck understood the reluctance.
「Dr. Beck は彼らが躊躇することは理解している」
・In a letter in The New York Times on March 6, 1983, he wrote that he
empathized with his critics.
「The New York Times への、1983年、3月6日の手紙のなかで彼の批判者に理解を
示している」
・He said that in the late 1950's his research had “set out to prove
that anger turned against the self played a central role in depression,”
but to his surprise it“ultimately refuted this hypothesis.”
「1950年代後半の彼の実験は“怒りは鬱病における自己のたいする中心的要素に対
して向けられたものであることを証明しようとするものであった”が、彼自身も驚
きを隠さなかったが“最終的に彼の仮説を反証するものであった”」
・The four other Lasker winners are Dr. Elizabeth H. Blackburn, 57, of
the University of California, San Francisco;
「他の4人のカスカー賞の受賞者はサンフランシスコ、カリフォルニア大学の
Dr. Elizabeth H. Blackburn, 57:]
・Dr. Joseph Gall, 78, of the Department of Embryology at the Carnegie
Institution, Baltimore;
「バルチモア、カーネギー財団の胎生学の Dr. Joseph Gall, 78」
・Dr. Carol W. Greider, 45, of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine;
「ジョンホプキン大学医学部の Dr. Carol W. Greider, 45」
・and Dr. Jack W. Szostak, 53, of Harvard Medical School.
「そしてハーバード医学部 Dr. Jack W. Szoztak, 53 であった」
・The awards to those four were made in two categories.
「彼ら4人にたいする賞は二領域の研究のものである」
・Three of the recipients were cited for discoveries involving the structure
and function of chromosomes, which are the strands of genes in cells that
pass on hereditary information.
「受賞者のうち三人は染色体構造と機能に関わるもので、遺伝情報を伝達する連鎖
に関わるものである」
・Dr. Blackburn, Dr. Greider and Dr. Szostak are sharing the Lasker basic
medical research award for predicting the existence of telomerase, and
then discovering it.
「Dr. Blackburn, Dr. Greider と Dr. Szostak が基礎医学研究に関するラスカー
賞をテロメザーレの存在を予言し、それを発見した業績で受賞した」
・Telomerase is an enzyme that replenishes the tips of chromosomes.
「テロメザーレはクロモゾームの欠損を補修する酵素の一つである」
・Discovery of the enzyme emerged after Dr. Gall and Dr. Blackburn studied
two organisms, a pond-dwelling parasite and baker's yeast.
「この酵素の発見はDr. Gall, Dr. Blackburn が二つの有機体、水溜りに住む寄生
虫とパン作りのイーストの研究結果から生まれた発見である」
・The scientists were driven by curiosity, not because they thought their
research was related to human disease, said Dr. Goldstein, who works at
the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas.
「科学者たちは好奇心に満たされた、彼らの研究が人間の病気と関わりがあると
おもったからではない、とテキサス大学、ダラスの Texas Southern Medical
Center の Dr. Goldstein はいう」
・After further research, carried out independently and in collaborations
with each other, the scientists identified and purified telomerase in
human cells, setting the stage for discoveries about the enzyme's role
in cancer and aging.
「さらなる研究、独自にしかし共同してに行われた実験で科学者はヒトの細胞に
テロメザーレを、癌やヒトの老化に関わる酵素発見を用意するのだが、特定し分
離したのである」
・Strong evidence suggests that the enzyme allows cells to proliferate
by continually refreshing their telomeres.
「明白な事実が酵素はテロメレスを絶えず補給することによって細胞を増殖する」
・For example, adding the enzyme to certain human cells grown in culture
dishes renders the cells immortal.
「例えば,酵素をヒトのある細胞に培養皿で結合させることで細胞を生き続けさせる」
・Conversely, blocking its action in lab-grown cancer cells can inhibit
their growth or kill them.
「逆に言えば,その働きを押さえることで実験室で培養した癌細胞の増殖を止め,殺す
ことができる」
・The work of the four scientists and that of others showed that each
time a cell divides, its chromosomes become shorter.
「この四人を含めて他の科学者の研究は細胞が分裂するたびに染色体が短く
なることを示していた」
・As cells age, their telomeres shorten, leading to loss of telomere
function and changes in chromosome that can lead to cancer.
「細胞が歳を取るにつれ,細胞のテロメレスは短くなり,テロメレスの働き
は悪くなり,癌になり易い染色体に変化して行く」
・In animal experiments, researchers are testing chemicals that thwart
telomerase as a potential strategy for fighting cancer in humans.
「動物実験で,科学者はヒトの癌と戦う一つの有効な戦略としてテロメザーレ
に抗する化学物質をいろいろテストしている」
・Dr. Gall won a special achievement award for a 57-year career in which
he became a founder of modern cell biology and the field of chromosome
structure and function.
「Dr. Gall は57年間の研究生活にあって特別な業績、現代細胞学や染色体の
構造や働きの解明、に与えられる賞を受けた」
・He“ranks among the most distinguished cell biologists in history,”
the Lasker Foundation said.
「彼は“歴史上最も著明な細胞学者に加えられることとなった”とラスカー賞
は称えるのであった」
・In his youth, Dr. Gall collected amphibians, insects and tiny pond
creatures.
「若い頃、Dr. Gall は両生類、昆虫や水溜りに住む小さな生き物を集めていた」
・That experience provided him with a knack for choosing the appropriate
organism for studying a particular research problem.
「その経験が適当な研究材料としての生き物を選ぶ時の観を提供してくれたという」
・Dr. Gall went on to become a“bold experimentalist” who invented what
“quickly became one of the most important and widely used techniques in
cell biology,”the foundation said.
「Dr. Gall は“大胆な実験家”,“細胞学における最も重要な,しかも最も広く
使われる技術”の開発者となった,と協会は評価する」
・The technique, known as in situ hybridization, allows researchers to
pinpoint the location of a specific sequence of RNA or DNA within the
nucleus of cells.
「その技術というのは研究者が細胞の核のなかの RNA や DNA の特定の遺伝子を
ピンポイントで検出する遺伝子検出法である」
・The technique remains the standard way scientists map genes in cells
and chromosomes.
「この技術は細胞の遺伝子配列を調べるスタンダードな方法となっている」
・Using fluorescent molecules in modifications of the technique, scientists
can produce exquisitely detailed pictures of genes and their activity.
「蛍光する分子を遺伝子検出法の技術に応用することで、科学者は非常に鮮明な
遺伝子とその働きの様子を映像化することができる」
・The Lasker Foundation said it was further honoring Dr. Gall for being an
early champion of women in science by welcoming them “into his lab before
anyone was talking about excellence through diversity.”
「The Laster Foundation はさらに Dr. Gall を科学の領域において“多様性の
必要性についてまだ誰も議論していなかった時期に彼の研究室に招いた女性研究
者のなかでも有能な指導者として評価した」
・The awards represent a lineage of three generations in science.
「受賞は科学における三世代にわたる研究を代表している」
・Dr. Gall trained Dr. Blackburn when they worked at Yale.
「Dr. Gall はイエール大学時代に Dr. Blackburn を育て」
・She, in turn, trained Dr. Greider when they worked at the University of
California, Berkeley.
「Dr. Blackman は Dr. Greider をカリフォrニア大学バークレーでともに研究に
携わった」
・Dr. Gall still works in the laboratory.
「Dr. Gall はいまでも研究活動を継続している」
・A current interest is deciphering the function of a structure in the
cell nucleus that the Spanish scientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal described
in 1903.
「現在はスペインの科学者 Santiago Ramon y Cajal が1903年に提案した細胞核の
構造の働きを解読しようとしている」
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