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(No.142 隔週発行:2006/10/02)
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ケアとコミュニケーション研究会発行
★
Not brain-dead, but ripe for transplant
On a cold Canadian night, Janet, a 20-year-old aspiring athlete,
rolled her car. Her seat belt slipped up around her neck, adding
to a plethora of injuries, including brain damage so severe that
she had to be kept permanently anaesthetised, and spinal damage
that would likely lead to quadriplegia.
For 25 days Janet (not her real name) lay in intensive care. One
specialist declared her case hopeless, and recommended switching
off life support. Had that happened, first her heart would have
stopped, and several minutes later her brain activity would have
ceased. Yet although Janet was a card-carrying organ donor, in
many countries her organs wouldn't be used. This is because
doctors would normally wait to confirm that she was brain-dead
(see "Redefining death"). In the time it takes to do that her
organs would have been irreparably damaged.
For this reason, organs for transplant usually come from patients
with brain injuries so severe that brain death is determined before
the life support that keeps their hearts and lungs functioning is
removed, enabling their organs to be kept in good condition until
the moment they are harvested. Such organs are in critically short
supply.
Now, however, this situation is changing. In June, Ottawa Hospital
in Canada announced its first organ transplant in recent history
from a patient who hadn't been classified as brain-dead, but whose
heart had stopped - socalled "donation after cardiac death" (DCD).
By switching to this definition of death for transplant purposes,
doctors hope to increase the number of healthy organs available
and the number of potential donors from which they can be harvested.
For example, the Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC) is
considering recommending legislation to enable more DCDs, as
part of a drive to turnaround Australia's flagging organ donation
rates. A similar shift is taking place in the US, where a limited
number of DCDs already take place. There, the number of DCD kidney
transplants has increased fivefold since 1995 to over 500 in 2004,
and numbers are expected to increase sharply over the next decade.
The driving force behind this change is the worldwide shortage
of organs (see "The crisis in organ donation"). Last week, doctors
at the World Transplant Congress in Boston, Massachusetts, heard
how the pool of available organs in the US could increase by up
to 20 per cent if DCD was adopted more widely - enough to treat
many of the estimated 6000 people in the US who die each year while
on organ waiting lists. In the UK, strong government support has
helped swell numbers of DCDs more than sixfold in the last 15 years,
to 120 in 2005.
In light of this, it is all the more surprising to discover that
the medical community is divided about the ethics of DCD. What's
more, donor-card holders, far from consenting to the new practices,
are blissfully unaware of the seismic shift in organ collection
procedures.
"Doctors are very pragmatic," says Christopher Doig, a critical
care specialist at Canada's Foothills Hospital in Calgary, Alberta.
"But there is something inherently bothersome about changing the
way we are going to determine death so that we can increase the
numbers of organs for donation."
For many doctors, harvesting organs only after brain death draws
a clear line in the sand, removing any conflict between patient
care and the interests of organ recipients. Often too, the decision
to withdraw life support is a subjective one. In the case of Janet,
a second specialist advised against ending life support, and after
almost a year in hospital, she is now wheelchair-bound but happy
to be alive. One concern is that if DCD becomes routine, doctors
caring for critically ill people may have their judgement swayed
by the needs of those on transplant waiting lists.
Michael Nicholson, a transplant surgeon at Leicester General Hospital,
a leading centre for DCD in the UK, thinks the potential for conflict
is overplayed. "Intensive care doctors have to inevitably withdraw
treatment from some people, irrespective of whether the transplant
team exists. When that happens the least they can do is have the
family talk with a transplant coordinator," he says.
However, some critical-care doctors believe the problems go even
deeper. They argue cessation of heartbeat and breathing are not
necessarily irreversible, and point to cases where patients whose
hearts didn't respond to cardiac resuscitation later came back
to life - in one case a full 7 minutes later. By contrast, this
so-called "Lazarus phenomenon" has never been documented in brain-
dead patients.
Transplant surgeons who perform DCD point to a key safeguard in
their protocols - a waiting period between cessation of heartbeat
and allowing the transplant team to get to work. However, even
this may be being eroded by the need to retrieve organs before
they become too damaged. Originally, a 10-minute waiting period
was chosen because after this time the patient would likely be
brain-dead too. In many transplant centres this has now dropped
to 5 minutes, while three US transplant centres use a 2-minute
interval - before loss of brain function is total and when the
heart could start beating again, albeit only rarely.
The most controversial aspect of DCD is the practice of giving
patients drugs such as anticoagulants to preserve organs before,
or just as, life support is removed. This is banned in the UK
because it is deemed not to be in the interest of the patient,
but it is routine in many centres in the US, despite concerns
that it may hasten the death of the patient.
In Australia, where the ethics of DCD are still being considered,
"the consensus is that it's reasonable [to use drugs] but only if
it does not harm the donor and there has been prior consent," says
Peter Joseph, chair of AHEC's working party on the ethics of organ
donation. "We want the current consent form changed so that you tick
a box to specifically consent to such interventions if you are on
life support and your death is imminent."
This is a step in the right direction, says Doig, but much more
needs to be done before DCDs become widespread. "Like any other
major healthcare issue, be it euthanasia or abortion, what's
important is that society debates the issue and comes up with a
position," he says. "Then, and only then, individual practitioners
can decide whether they want to partake."
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★ 読んでみましょう:
Not brain-dead, but ripe for transplant
・On a cold Canadian night, Janet, a 20-year-old aspiring athlete,
rolled her car.
「カナダ、ある寒い夜、Janet、20歳の前途あるアスリートが自動車事故
を引き起こした」
・Her seat belt slipped up around her neck, adding to a plethora
of injuries, including brain damage so severe that she had to be
kept permanently anaesthetised, and spinal damage that would
likely lead to quadriplegia.
「彼女のシートベルトが彼女の首までずり上がり、それにより障害は一層
深刻な事態を引き起こした」
・For 25 days Janet (not her real name) lay in intensive care.
「25日間 Janet (仮名)は集中治療の下に置かれている」
One specialist declared her case hopeless, and recommended
switching off life support.
「ある専門医師は彼女のケースは絶望的だと言い、生命維持のスウィッ
チを切るしかないという意見である」
Had that happened, first her heart would have stopped, and
several minutes later her brain activity would have ceased.
「生命維持装置がはずされると、まず彼女の心臓がとまり、数分後
脳の活動が停止する」
・Yet although Janet was a card-carrying organ donor, in many
countries her organs wouldn't be used.
「ジャネットは臓器移植カードを持っていたが、多くの国で彼女の
臓器を提供することはできなかった」
・This is because doctors would normally wait to confirm that
she was brain-dead .
「というのは医師は通常彼女の脳死が確認されるのを待つからである」
・In the time it takes to do that her organs would have been
irreparably damaged.
「脳死判定の間に彼女の臓器は回復不可能な損傷をこうむることになる」
・For this reason, organs for transplant usually come from patients
with brain injuries so severe that brain death is determined before
the life support that keeps their hearts and lungs functioning is
removed, enabling their organs to be kept in good condition until
the moment they are harvested.
「このため、移植用の臓器は通常脳自体に重篤な損傷を受け、救命装置が彼
らの心臓や肺臓の機能をサポートし移植までそれら臓器を良い状態に維持す
るまでもなく即座に脳死の判定ができる人から提供されることになる」
・Such organs are in critically short supply.
「そのような臓器の提供は、しかし、きわめて稀なことである」
・Now, however, this situation is changing.
「現在事態は変わりつつある」
・In June, Ottawa Hospital in Canada announced its first organ
transplant in recent history from a patient who hadn't been
classified as brain-dead, but whose heart had stopped - socalled
"donation after cardiac death" (DCD).
「6月、カナダのオッタワ病院は近年における最初の移植、それも脳死か
らのものではなく心臓停止、つまり“心停止者からの臓器提供”(DCD)者
からの移植を発表した」
・By switching to this definition of death for transplant purposes,
doctors hope to increase the number of healthy organs available
and the number of potential donors from which they can be harvested.
「移植を目的とした死の概念の変更により、移植医は状態のよい臓器と提供者
の増加を期待している」
・For example, the Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC) is
considering recommending legislation to enable more DCDs, as
part of a drive to turnaround Australia's flagging organ donation
rates.
「たとえば Australian Health Ethics Commitee (AHEC) は DCD を利用で
きるよう法改定を、オーストラリアにおける臓器提供の減少にたいする対策
として提案している」
・A similar shift is taking place in the US, where a limited number
of DCDs already take place.
「同様の傾向が、DCD の活用が非常に限られている US でも見られるように
なってきている」
・There, the number of DCD kidney transplants has increased fivefold
since 1995 to over 500 in 2004, and numbers are expected to increase
sharply over the next decade.
「たとえば DCD による肝臓の移植は2004年には1995年の500例、
5倍に増加し、ここ数十年で急増するものと思われる」
・The driving force behind this change is the worldwide shortage
of organs .
「この急増の背後には臓器の世界中での不足がある」
・Last week, doctors at the World Transplant Congress in Boston,
Massachusetts, heard how the pool of available organs in the US
could increase by up to 20 per cent if DCD was adopted more widely -
enough to treat many of the estimated 6000 people in the US who die
each year while on organ waiting lists.
「先週、マサセーチュセッツ、ボストンで催された世界移植学会において
アメリカにおいて移植に耐える臓器の数はもし DCD がもっと広く適用され
れば20%増加するであろういう報告がなされた−アメリカにおいて6000人
に及ぶ患者の多くがその恩恵を受けることとなろう」
・In the UK, strong government support has helped swell numbers of
DCDs more than sixfold in the last 15 years, to 120 in 2005.
「イギリスでは政府の強い後押しもあって DCD の数は過去15年の間に6倍、
120から2005例に増加した」
・In light of this, it is all the more surprising to discover that
the medical community is divided about the ethics of DCD.
「こうした事から見て、医学会が DCD の倫理性に関して二分されている
のは不思議である」
・What's more, donor-card holders, far from consenting to the new
practices, are blissfully unaware of the seismic shift in organ
collection procedures.
「さらに、臓器提供カードの保持者、新しい傾向からほど遠いのだが、は
臓器提供の条件の地殻変動的な変化に関していまだ理解してはいない」
・"Doctors are very pragmatic," says Christopher Doig, a critical
care specialist at Canada's Foothills Hospital in Calgary, Alberta.
「“医者はプラグマチストである”,Chrisropher Doig, カナダ, アルバー
タ,Calgary の Foothills 病院の救急・集中治療の専門医は言う」
・"But there is something inherently bothersome about changing the
way we are going to determine death so that we can increase the
numbers of organs for donation."
「死の判定の変化はそれ自体なにか戸惑いを感じるものではあるが移植用の
臓器を確保するためにはそれは受け入れなければならないことであろう」
・For many doctors, harvesting organs only after brain death draws
a clear line in the sand, removing any conflict between patient
care and the interests of organ recipients.
「多くに医者にとって、移植のための臓器の提供を脳死の判定後に受ける
のだが、明確な一線を、提供者と被提供者の間にいかなる誤解や葛藤も生
じないためにも守らねばならない」
・Often too, the decision to withdraw life support is a subjective
one.
「多くの場合その上、救命を断念するのは主観的要素に頼らざるをえない」
・In the case of Janet, a second specialist advised against ending
life support, and after almost a year in hospital, she is now
wheelchair-bound but happy to be alive.
「ジャネットの場合、補佐の専門医が生命維持装置をはずすことには反対し、
その後ほぼ一年の病院生活の後、彼女は車椅子生活ではあるが命は助かった
ことに感謝している」
・One concern is that if DCD becomes routine, doctors caring for
critically ill people may have their judgement swayed by the needs
of those on transplant waiting lists.
「一つ心配なのはもし DCD が日常的なものとなれば、重篤な患者を治療して
いる医者のなかには彼らの判断が移植のために提供を待っている患者にたい
する配慮によって影響されかねない」
・Michael Nicholson, a transplant surgeon at Leicester General Hospital,
a leading centre for DCD in the UK, thinks the potential for conflict
is overplayed.
「ミカエル・ニコルソン、Leicester General 病院、イギリスにおけるDCD の一
つのセンターの移植医、は問題にたいする危惧は誇張されているという」
・"Intensive care doctors have to inevitably withdraw treatment from
some people, irrespective of whether the transplant team exists.
「“集中治療にたずさわる医者は必然的にある患者の治療を移植医の存在とは
関わりなく諦めねばならないとこともあるだろう」、
・When that happens the least they can do is have the family talk with
a transplant coordinator," he says.
「そのような事態においては医者は家族に移植コーディネーターを紹介する
以外にはない」
・However, some critical-care doctors believe the problems go even
deeper.
「しかし、終末医療に関わる医師はその問題にかんしてさらに重要な問題
でもある」
・They argue cessation of heartbeat and breathing are not necessarily
irreversible, and point to cases where patients whose hearts didn't
respond to cardiac resuscitation later came back to life - in one
case a full 7 minutes later.
「彼らは心肺停止は決定的ではない、心停止が−ある場合には7分からの後、
−回復した例もあることを報告している」
・By contrast, this so-called "Lazarus phenomenon" has never been
documented in brain-dead patients.
「それに対して、このいわゆる"Lazarus phenomenon" (蘇えり現象)は
脳死の場合一例も報告されていない」
・Transplant surgeons who perform DCD point to a key safeguard in
their protocols - a waiting period between cessation of heartbeat
and allowing the transplant team to get to work.
「DCD を採用する移植医は移植のための重要な安全基準をもうける、心拍
の停止と移植チームの移植に着手の間に一定の時間を置くということである」
・However, even this may be being eroded by the need to retrieve
organs before they become too damaged.
「しかし、それでさえも移植臓器が決定的ダメージを受ける前に取り出す必要
がある」
・Originally, a 10-minute waiting period was chosen because after this
time the patient would likely be brain-dead too.
「もともと、待ち時間10分というのはその10分の間に脳死にもいたるであろう
ということであった」
・In many transplant centres this has now dropped to 5 minutes, while
three US transplant centres use a 2-minute interval - before loss
of brain function is total and when the heart could start beating
again, albeit only rarely.
「多くの移植センターでは今日5分に短縮されている、また一方三ヶ所のアメ
リカの移植センターでは二分に短縮されている―脳の機能の喪失は決定的であ
るが心臓は、滅多にないことではあるが、機能を回復することがある」
・The most controversial aspect of DCD is the practice of giving
patients drugs such as anticoagulants to preserve organs before,
or just as, life support is removed.
「DCD に関してもっとも議論が集中するところは臓器提供者にたとえば抗
凝結性の薬を臓器の状態を保護するために生命維持装置をはずす時点で投
与する点である」
・This is banned in the UK because it is deemed not to be in the
interest of the patient, but it is routine in many centres in the
US, despite concerns that it may hasten the death of the patient.
「この処置は臓器提供者の意に則するものとは考えないからであるが、アメ
リカのセンターでは臓器提供者の死を早めるかもしれないが日常的に行われ
ている」
・In Australia, where the ethics of DCD are still being considered,
"the consensus is that it's reasonable [to use drugs] but only if
it does not harm the donor and there has been prior consent," says
Peter Joseph, chair of AHEC's working party on the ethics of organ
donation.
「オーストラリア、DCD の倫理規定は“[薬物の利用]は臓器提供者の死を
早めることのないように、そして生前の同意がある場合のみ可能であると
言うのが一般の考え方である”と臓器提供に関する AHEC の実務をする会
長、Peter Joseph は言う」
・"We want the current consent form changed so that you tick a box
to specifically consent to such interventions if you are on life
support and your death is imminent."
「“われわれは現行の同意の形が、もし救命装置に繋がれ、死を免れないと
言うとき上述のような処置に同意に至る確実な時間が保証されるになるよう
期待する”」
・This is a step in the right direction, says Doig, but much more
needs to be done before DCDs become widespread.
「Doig はこれは方向としては正しい方向ではあろうが、しかしDCD がもっと
普及を待てるだろうか、と Doig は指摘する」
・"Like any other major healthcare issue, be it euthanasia or abortion,
what's important is that society debates the issue and comes up with
a position," he says.
「“他の主たる医学の領域の問題とおなじく、たとえば安楽死の問題や人工中
絶といった問題どうよう、重要なことは社会的に問題化し、話題となる必要が
ある’というのが彼の意見である」」
・"Then, and only then, individual practitioners can decide whether
they want to partake."
「そうなってはじめて、個々の移植医はどのような選択をすべきか決めるこ
とができるということである」
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〓【重要】〓あなたが英語を話せないのは、学習法が間違っているから!
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7681名が効果実証!正しい学習法を身につけ英語力向上、一気に悩み解決!
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初級者用無料レポート限定公開!今すぐ↓↓
http://af1.mag2.com/m/af/0000015819/001/s00000001418001/018
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★
研究会→ http://www.k4.dion.ne.jp/~k-uchida からのお知らせ
☆ ホームページでは Thomas Kuhn のパラダイム・シフトを読んでいます
★
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